Resumen Este artículo aborda la configuración histórica de la nación española desde la perspectiva de la continuidad en el tiempo que el Antiguo Régimen presuponía a las comunidades políticas. Partiendo de la temporalidad de la Monarquía hispánica propia de un imperio expuesto a declive, se argumenta que su singular experiencia de tiempo consistió en la superación de la decadencia, si bien la amenaza de esta siguió marcando la cultura hispana en el paso al siglo XVIII. En ese contexto, el discurso adoptó el lenguaje del comercio y la ciencia de la economía política, permitiendo eventualmente ofrecer un diagnóstico de los males morales de los españoles que alejaba la posibilidad de una desnaturalización sin poner en riesgo la ortodoxia católica legitimadora de la Monarquía hispánica y sin habilitar un sujeto con capacidad política. El texto permite así reflexionar sobre la dimensión tiempo inherente a toda definición de comunidad, así como sobre los rasgos distintivos de la nación española alumbrada por los proyectistas y reformadores ilustrados, marcada por el peso de rasgos impolíticos.

Abstract This article deals with the historical configuration of the Spanish nation from the perspective of the continuity in time the Ancien Régime attributed to political communities. Starting from the singular temporality of the Hispanic Monarchy as an empire exposed to decline, it is argued that its singular experience of time consisted in the overcoming of decadence, though its hazard continued to influence discourse in the passage to the 18th century. In that context, discourse adopted the language of commerce and the science of political economy, making it eventually feasible to offer a diagnosis of the moral ills of the Spaniards that avoided the possibility of a denaturalization without jeopardizing the Catholic orthodoxy that legitimized the Hispanic monarchy and without empowering a subject with political capacity. The text thus allows reflection on the time dimension inherent to any definition of community, as well as on the distinctive features of the Spanish nation built by the Enlightenment planners and reformers, marked by the weight of impolitic features.

ABSTRACT For the first time, the proliferation of yellow mucus algae was found in the Orcopampa, Caquemayo and Pillones rivers in the province of Arequipa, Peru. The causative agent corresponds to Gomphoneis minuta of the blooms, confirming it by scanning electron microscopy; diatomea with biseriate striae, raphe along the valvar face and muscilaginous peduncles at its basal end, being considered the first record for this area. It is necessary to implement monitoring programs to control and prevent their spread. In addition, the fact that G. minuta has been found in considerable extent in the Orcopampa, Caquemayo and Pillones rivers makes us presume that it would be capable of transforming into a taxon potentially harmful to the aquatic ecosystem and, similarly to D. geminata, it would need monitoring and surveillance programs to prevent its spread.

RESUMEN Por primera vez se encontró la presencia de proliferaciones algales mucosas de color amarillo pardo en los ríos Orcopampa, Caquemayo y Pillones en la provincia de Arequipa, Perú. El agente causante corresponde a Gomphoneis minuta de las floraciones, confirmada por microscopía electrónica de barrido: diatomea con estrías biseriadas, rafe a lo largo de la cara valvar y pedúnculos mucilaginosos en su extremo basal. Se considera como el primer registro para esta zona. Es necesaria la implementación de pro gramas de monitoreo para controlar y evitar su propagación. Además, el hecho de que G. minuta haya sido encontrada en forma considerable en los ríos Orcopampa, Caquemayo y Pillones nos hace presumir que sería capaz de transformarse en un taxón potencialmente nocivo para el ecosistema acuático y que, en forma similar a D. geminata, necesitaría monitoreo y programas de vigilancia para evitar su propagación.

Abstract Canine overpopulation continues to be a problem with serious public health implications, despite a diversity of programs and strategies that have been implemented for its control. Coumestrol (COU) is an organic compound with estrogenic activity, thus having the potential to alter reproduction in mammals. COU is commonly dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before administration; however, evidence indicates that DMSO is not inert. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of either a single oral administration of COU diluted in DMSO or of DMSO-alone, on serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), on vaginal cell pattern, and on anestrus and diestrus lengths in bitches. Fifteen anestrus female dogs received either a single commercial dog food biscuit (Control, n=5), a biscuit with 600 µg of COU/kg diluted in 20 µL of DMSO (COU, n=5), or a biscuit with 20 µL of DMSO (DMSO, n=5). Circulating P4, E2, and changes in vaginal cytology, were assessed within the first month after treatment administration. Hormone levels were also measured from months 2-6 post-treatment. Mean differences were analyzed by the GLM procedure for repeated measures. COU enhanced serum E2 levels, and DMSO increased serum P4, number of vaginal anucleated superficial cells, and diestrus length. All dogs were deemed healthy based on all periodical clinical exams, but abnormal mammary gland growth and/or galactorrhea were observed in two COU and one DMSO-treated bitches. The findings of the present study expose the need to reevaluate previous reports of use of COU in bitches, and perhaps in other mammals.

Abstract The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the relationship between the symptoms of depression, anxiety and binge eating disorder (BED) with the gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A cohort of 249 adults (average age = 41.1, SD = 11.3), 64.1% women and 35.9% men, were included. The assessment of depression, anxiety and BED symptoms was carried out through a semi-structured interview. In addition, the body mass index was calculated, and blood samples were taken for an allelic discrimination analysis. Of the total number of patients 20.2% were diagnosed with BED, finding an association of this disorder with a lower weight loss after bariatric surgery at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The measures of depression and anxiety did not differ between patients with BED vs. without BED. Patients with a mutant allele in the gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide were 2.6 times more likely to present BED (95% C11.0-6.8, P = 0.04). In addition, BED appears to be more frequent in patients with a gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide mutated. When obesity is studied, it is emphasized the need to address both psychological and genetic factors.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio retroprospectivo fue analizar la relación de la sintomatología de depresión, de ansiedad y el trastorno por atracón (TPA) con el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti en pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica. Participó una cohorte de 249 adultos (edad media = 41.1, DE =11.3), 64.1% mujeres y 35.9% hombres. La evaluación de la sintomatología depresiva, de ansiedad y de TPA se llevó a cabo a través de una entrevista semiestructurada. Además, se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se tomaron muestras de sangre para realizar un análisis de discriminación alélica. Del total de pacientes, un 20.2% fueron diagnosticados con TPA, encontrando una asociación de este trastorno con una menor pérdida de peso posterior a la cirugía bariátrica a los 6,12, 18 y 24 meses. Las medidas de depresión y de ansiedad no difirieron entre pacientes con TPA vs. sin TPA. Los pacientes con un alelo mutante en el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti tuvieron un riesgo 2.6 veces mayor de presentar TPA (IC 95% 1.0-6.8; p = 0.04). Además, el TPA parece ser más frecuente en pacientes con el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti mutado. Destaca la necesidad de que en el estudio de la obesidad se aborden tanto los aspectos psicológicos como los genéticos.

Este trabajo estudia la incidencia del síndrome de burnout en un grupo de profesores uruguayos. Una muestra de 279 docentes, quienes trabajan en centros de enseñanza públicos en Montevideo, completaron cuestionarios acerca de: síndrome de burnout, personalidad, eventos de vida, áreas de la vida laboral, intenciones de abandono y datos sociodemográficos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el 4,2% de los docentes encuestados presentaron elevados niveles en el síndrome de burnout y un 42% obtuvieron altos valores en al menos una de sus dimensiones. El género femenino, los docentes con elevada cantidad de horas semanales de trabajo, con poca antigüedad en la profesión, que no poseen formación docente y que trabajan hasta en dos centros educativos, son quienes puntuaron más alto en la escala del síndrome de burnout. La congruencia entre diversas áreas de la vida laboral y los valores de los participantes, la personalidad tipo A, los eventos de vida estresantes y las intenciones de abandono correlacionaron significativamente con el síndrome de burnout

This article examines the incidence of the burnout syndrome among Uruguayan teachers. A sample of 279 secondary school teachers, who work in public schools in Montevideo, completed questionnaires about: burnout syndrome, personality, life events, areas of working life, turnover intentions and sociodemographic data. The results show that 4.2% of the teachers surveyed had elevated levels of burnout syndrome and 42% obtained high values in at least one dimension of the syndrome. The characteristics displayed by the educators who scored higher on the scale of burnout syndrome are the following: the female gender, high number of weekly hours of work, little seniority in the profession, lack of educational training and work in up to two schools. The job-person fit, the type A behavior, stressful life events and turnover intentions correlated significantly with burnout syndrome